Edmonton Social Planning Council

Category: **Resources: Social Issues:

  • Research Review: Mental Health: A conversation missing black youth

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    This qualitative report, Access to Mental Health for Black Youths in Alberta (Salami et al.) is reviewed by Eanimi Agube and was published by Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada. 

    The qualitative research report Access to mental health for Black youths in Alberta explores the issues with access to mental health services and the perception of mental health among the 129 Black-identifying youths between the age of 16 and 30 that participated in the study.

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  • Blog: Unhoused: Dangers of the Cold 

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    This article focuses on the realities of individuals who are unhoused, while facing extreme Alberta winters. The purpose is to understand the extent of this health crisis, create conversation, and facilitate system change for our unhoused neighbours.

    By Mackenzie Dachuk, Practicum Student

     

    Extreme cold temperatures in Canada are often expected and unavoidable, and people experiencing houselessness face greater risks for their health and safety. Blizzards, ice storms, high winds, and blowing snow can develop quickly, and threaten life and property (Alberta, n.d.). Alberta experiences cold and extreme cold temperatures during the winter, when temperatures can reach as low as minus 40 degrees Celsius and can remain consistently below minus 10 degrees Celsius (Alberta, n.d.). When temperatures reach this low, it becomes extremely life threatening for vulnerable populations and those experiencing houselessness as they may experience frost bite, hypothermia, shock, or fire hazards.  

    The relationship between houselessness and health outcomes is evident within our society, and with the addition of cold and extreme cold temperatures during the winter, it makes matters worse. The houseless population experiences numerous physical health problems, such as infectious diseases, chronic diseases, injuries, exposure, nutritional deficiencies, and foot and skin issues (Public Health Ontario, 2019).  

    Homeward Trust shows there were more than 2800 people experiencing homelessness in Edmonton, with over 700 living outdoors and nearly 500 living in shelters (Homeward Trust, 2023). People experiencing homelessness in Edmonton are at a much greater risk of different physical and mental health concerns and are having a disproportionately large impact on the health care system (Swenserude, 2023). In a community and public services committee meeting, lead medical officer Dr. Chris Sikora discusses the solution to the overburdened health care system as enhancing the supportive housing environments for the houseless. (2023)  

    “Some individuals might be at risk for homeless but not yet homeless, we need to keep them housed” (Sikora, 2023) 

    Individuals experiencing houselessness are disproportionately affected by extreme weather conditions. There has been a drastic increase in the number of houseless individuals who had to undergo amputations due to extreme cold, resulting from frost bite (Counterfire, 2023). For the working houseless, this becomes an even bigger struggle. Many of these individuals who have undergone amputations are often discharged back to houselessness where healing and getting around are even more challenging, and many can no longer work (Huncar, 2022). Alberta Health Services has said they do not track amputations from frostbite, deaths, or causes of deaths among houseless individuals living in Edmonton and had no further information to provide (Huncar, 2022). Injuries and amputations due to frostbite have been on the rise, yet it is concerning that deaths due to hypothermia and frost bite amputations remain unrecorded. Our houseless community members deserve to have these injuries and deaths recorded so that the government, health care services, and the larger community can better understand the scope of the problem, and can get a clear picture of peoples lived experience (Huncar, 2022).  

    When individuals experiencing houselessness work to avoid frostbite injuries, they put themselves at further risk by lighting fires within their encampment or dumpsters to stay warm and dry. Tent fires are an increasingly common occurrence, especially in cities with a large houseless population (Huang et al., 2021). Individuals experiencing houselessness are creative and resourceful in trying to find efforts to keep warm, however these resources are still extremely dangerous to the unhoused without proper shelter or tools. Houseless individuals who are dwelling in these tents have specific risk factors that predispose them to fire injury, such as makeshift kitchens within a confined and flammable tent (Huang et al., 2021). Burn injuries and deaths due to tent fires is a public health crisis with consequences for the health and safety of our houseless population and those around them (Huang et al., 2021). Further, losing one’s tent which is that person’s home has devastating effects.  

    The City of Edmonton has developed the “Supporting Vulnerable People During Extreme Weather Conditions” policy, which has been put in place to ensure Edmonton’s commitment to reducing the health impacts of extreme weather conditions on vulnerable people. “The City of Edmonton and Homeward Trust work collaboratively to facilitate an emergency response during extreme heat and cold temperatures and peak shelter occupancy to ensure community members have a safe place to be” (Homeward Trust, 2022). With roughly 2700 Edmontonians experiencing houselessness, the Edmonton Coalition for Housing and Houselessness says at least 1550 additional shelter spaces are needed. Homeward Trust provides information on available shelter spaces that include 24/7 shelters, day services, and the Boyle Street Community Services Winter Warming Bus which operates throughout the winter regardless of temperatures (2022). For Alberta, the Extreme Cold Warning is issued when temperatures or windchill are expected to reach minus 40 degrees Celsius, whereas in the City of Toronto, warming centers are activated when an Extreme Cold Weather Alert has been issued of minus 15 degrees Celsius or colder temperatures, or a wind chill of minus 15 degrees Celsius or colder (City of Toronto, n.d.).  

     Many environmental and health organizations provide safety tips and precautions to the public when our communities face extreme cold weather. These preparation and safety tips include winterizing your home, inspecting your heating systems, and preparing your vehicle before winter arrives (National Center for Environmental Health, 2022). Other preparation and safety tips include minimizing travel, staying indoors during cold spells, wearing warm clothing, and staying dry and out of the wind (National Weather Service, n.d.). These safety tips and precautions are very privileged in that they are directed at individuals who have the supplies, means and shelter to remain comfortable throughout the winter months. For our houseless community members, these safety tips and precautions do not account for the barriers in accessing proper gear and clothing to facing the cold and extreme cold.  

    Individuals experiencing houselessness often resort to these warming centers and fires to keep warm, however, a lack of appropriate weather wear and accessibility to this gear is a barrier for our houseless community members. When individuals have the proper clothing to withstand cold temperatures this can help, but wet and damp clothing is another factor that must be taken into consideration. Though the human body can regulate temperature change, “…the most dangerous and rapid heat loss occurs when clothing is wet, wind is high, surfaces are cold, or when body is immersed in cold water” (UFCW, n.d.). 

    Edmonton’s Supporting Vulnerable People During Extreme Weather Conditions policy is only put into effect during cases of extreme weather, which they define as “…hazardous weather or environmental event that poses a significant threat to public safety and property.” Why does policy only intervene and support individuals who are houseless when the weather is deemed cold enough by people who do not know what it is like to be experiencing houselessness during winter conditions. Housing and support during any type of weather conditions is a human right for all community members including those experiencing houselessness. 

    Understanding the extent of houselessness and the experiences of those who are houseless enables communities and services to develop supports to reduce it (Public Health Ontario, 2019). Houseless individuals living in cold and extreme cold conditions has become a health crisis with consequences for the health and safety of our houseless population and those around them. (Huang et al., 2021). There needs to be a push for accessible and supportive housing, including access to appropriate clothing to withstand the harsh winter conditions. As for the community, we must do better for our vulnerable neighbors and houseless community members.  

     

    Mackenzie Dachuk is currently in her third year of the Bachelor of Social Work program at MacEwan University and is completing her practicum with the Edmonton Social Planning Council. She has a passion for helping others and empowering them in achieving their goals. Mackenzie plays hockey for the MacEwan women’s team and enjoys sports, travel, and connecting with the community. 

     

    References 

    Alberta.ca. (n.d.) Blizzards, freezing rain, ice storms and extreme cold. Retrieved from https://www.alberta.ca/blizzards-freezing-rain-ice-storms-and-extreme-cold.aspx  

    Government of Canda. (n.d.). Criteria for public weather alerts. Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/types-weather-forecasts-use/public/criteria-alerts.html 

    City of Toronto. (n.d.) Warming Centers. Retrieved from https://www.toronto.ca/community-people/housing-shelter/homeless-help/warming-centres-2/#:~:text=The%20City’s%20Warming%20Centres%20are,20%C2%B0%20C%20or%20colder 

    City of Toronto. (n.d.) Extreme Cold Weather. Retrieved from https://www.toronto.ca/community-people/health-wellness-care/health-programs-advice/extreme-cold-weather/ 

    Clarke, J., (2023, January 19). Winter cold is social murder for the homeless. Counterfire. Retrieved from https://www.counterfire.org/article/winter-cold-is-social-murder-for-the-homeless/  

    Homeward Trust Edmonton. (2023, February 6). Data, analytics and reporting. Retrieved from https://homewardtrust.ca/data-analytics-reporting/  

    Homeward Trust Edmonton. (2023, February 7). Sector emergency response. Retrieved from https://homewardtrust.ca/sector-emergency-response/ 

    Huncar, A. (2022, November 24). Front-line workers seeing more amputations Edmonton homeless community. CBC News. Retrieved from https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/homeless-edmonton-amputations-1.6662721    

    Huang, S., Choi, K. J., Pham, C. H., Collier, Z. J., Dang, J. M., Kiwanuka, H., Sheckter, C. C., Yenikomshian, H. A., & Gillenwater, J. (2021). Homeless tent fires: A descriptive analysis of tent fires in the homeless population. Journal of Burn Care & Research, 42(5), 886-893. https://doi-org.ezproxy.macewan.ca/10.1093/jbcr/irab095  

    National Center for Environmental Health. (2022). Stay safe and healthy in winter. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/features/winterweather/index.html 

    National Weather Service (n.d.) Extreme Cold Safety Tips. Retrieved from https://www.weather.gov/bgm/outreachExtremeColdSafety 

    Public Health Ontario. (2019). Homelessness and health outcomes: What are the associations? Retrieved from https://www.publichealthontario.ca/-/media/documents/E/2019/eb-homelessness-health.pdf 

    Sikora, C. Effects of homelessness on the healthcare ecosystem. (2023, February 7). City of Edmonton Community and Public Services Committee. Retrieved from https://pub-edmonton.escribemeetings.com/Players/ISIStandAlonePlayer.aspx?Id=f0e0c375-a3fd-4f3c-a92f-1d63fc85517d 

    Swensrude, S. (2023, February 7). Homeless in Edmonton face health challenges, but stable housing can help. Global News. Retrieved from https://globalnews.ca/news/9467677/edmonton-homeless-health-challenges-report/ 

    United Food and Commerical Workers Union (UFCW). (n.d.). Health and Safety. Retrieved from https://www.ufcw.ca/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=42&Itemid=123&lang=en#:~:text=The%20most%20dangerous%20and%20rapid,conditions%20or%20with%20dry%20clothing 

     

     

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                                                                          1. CM: The Ongoing Grieving Process: Perspectives of Participants of the Life After Suicide Loss Program

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                                                                            *Trigger Warning: Please be advised that some of the content in this post may be upsetting or triggering Content includes topics of: Addiction, substance abuse, suicide and trauma

                                                                             

                                                                            Losing a loved one to suicide is difficult but having the support of others can be a source of strength. The Canadian Mental Health Association provides services for those who need suicide bereavement support. Services are provided at no cost and are available to adults who have lost someone they know to suicide. The program covers 3 modules over 12 weeks, is group focused and is offered on a virtual platform. To learn more about the program click here.   

                                                                            Two participants of the program have courageously shared their experiences with loss, grief and mental wellness. They both wanted readers to know if you have experienced suicide loss, you are not alone. 

                                                                            Tyla Tong 

                                                                            Our family lost  Shahean Aboud to suicide on 18 March 2021. He was a charismatic, full of life and laughter kind of guy who loved dogs and his family. He worked in the oil field…. long hours…. making way too much money and in the end succumbed to his addictions. First cocaine and meth and then onto more serious drugs where he then died by taking his own life. After spending over a decade with him I had to come to the realization that the man I married was no longer the same man that stood before me plagued with drugs and addiction. 

                                                                            We were together for 15 years and suffered the loss of our beloved pet in 2014. I don’t think that he had the coping skills to deal with grief because grief isn’t something we talked about in our marriage or with our families. It just didn’t come up. He fell to drugs as a coping mechanism and even more so when things started to unravel from the addiction.  

                                                                            I happened to find this program [Life After Suicide Loss] one evening. I was watching a TV show called a Million Little Things and they made reference to the Canadian Mental Health Association. At that moment I grabbed my phone and started to research; I wonder if there’s something here that could provide some level of support as I went through the grieving process. I had never even heard of the Canadian Mental Health Association [CMHA]. Much like Shahean I had never really struggled in that facet, so I never had a need to research it. Luckily, I found the Life After Suicide Loss and Bereavement group. It took an immense amount of courage to reach out, but I did. I sent an e-mail, and I thought maybe someone would respond, maybe they won’t, but at this point, I knew I was struggling with grief and loss and needed some support.  

                                                                            They responded to me within a day, and they provided me with pamphlets, a book about suicide, and commonly asked questions surrounding suicide. The CMHA member who replied back to me was kind and compassionate and provided more avenues of support than I ever could have imagined.   

                                                                            I started the online Grief and Bereavement group with an interview by one of the facilitators to make sure that I was a good fit. It’s really not about them judging you, it’s about making sure you understand what the program has to offer and then deciding if it’s right for you or not. I completed the interview which took about an hour and included one other person who was also considering joining the group. At the end of the call those people at that moment became my people, they were so understanding, compassionate, and empathetic. In my very first session, I showed up and introduced myself and you could tell that everyone was a bit uncomfortable, you’re the most vulnerable, you are going to be in a chat room full of strangers. The program is so well laid out and so well-articulated that within probably 20 minutes I was convinced this was the place where my healing journey would begin. It’s a guideline that you don’t talk about the specifics of how someone passed away. It’s to ensure that triggers are avoided but the discussions are around feeling, emotions, and coping strategies for moving back into life after suicide.   

                                                                            CMHA lays the program out in three different modules so you can pick and choose what you want to learn about or what you’re ready to learn about. Some of it you’re not ready to hear and they always preface the discussion with ‘this is what we’re talking about if this is hard for you don’t have to. Beliefs and Values were where my group started, and we eased into heavier topics from there. You don’t have to say anything, just be present and open to healing.  

                                                                            It’s a very well put together program, very well thought out and articulated in the delivery. They have a second phase of the program once you complete your three modules; you have the option of a virtual drop in every second Thursday. Regardless of if you are planning on attending or not, if you’re on the list they’ll send you the link so you can choose to just drop in. Some people aren’t there yet, and I am one of those individuals. What the program taught me though was that it’s okay to progress or recess at your own rate. Grief is not linear, and it is not easy moving through the emotions. 

                                                                            Some people need to check in and sit with their grief regularly and they still need to be acknowledged for where they’re at in their journey. I think that’s a really important piece because CMHA is acknowledging that you’re not better in three months but are still there to support you and provide you options for moving through the process.  

                                                                            The program is concrete and consistent, which is what I needed when everything else in my life had changed forever. I know for me consistency came on Wednesday nights where I could get through the whole week and not fall apart knowing there was space for me on Wednesday nights to meet with my group and deal with my grief. You know at the end of the meeting you’re going to hang up the phone and you’re going to feel pretty terrible because regardless of how kind the people are, you just ripped a band-aid off a wound that is so incredibly deep.  

                                                                            The CMHA have thought of everything. You give them an emergency contact before you can participate. They tell you if you have to leave the group for more than 10 minutes, they will call to personally check in and make sure that you are okay. The facilitators really work to provide a safe space for everyone.  

                                                                            The Grief and Bereavement program doesn’t just give you tools but it provides you with this platform to continue on in your life. I feel like this program really taught us how to implement techniques, like how to really sit down and know if you’re in a good space, to know what it feels like to feel safe.  I never would have imagined that these random strangers would be people that to this day, a year and a half later, I still call when I feel like my grief is something I cannot handle alone. The program helps you establish relationships with people who are going through the very same things as you.  

                                                                            The connections are truly what drives this program. For me, it was almost like a little bit of guilt every week. I didn’t want to miss a session because I knew ultimately it would help me heal but on the other hand, I didn’t want to do it at all, you’re never fully prepared for the emotions that come up.  

                                                                            I thought losing my partner to drugs and addiction, the collapse of our marriage, and the loss of my lifelong best friend was the worst possible thing that could have happened until that day when I received the call. I didn’t realize that suicide was so different than other types of loss until weeks later when I came out of the haze of the crisis. The dynamic changes between your family and your friends, how people look at you, how they talk to you, what people say to you, the shame and the guilt and the question of “could I have done more” is always lingering.  

                                                                            We don’t talk about grief; we don’t read articles about it, it’s easier to pretend it doesn’t happen.  But the truth is we’re all going to have to go through it. I still struggle with grief and the loss of the life I thought I was going to have. I struggle with the idea of addiction and all that surrounds it. Everything you know fundamentally and have grown your life on is completely gone.  

                                                                            One message I would like to leave people with is know that there’s hope. Losing a loved one to suicide is one of life’s most painful experiences, but you’re not alone. There are people that can connect and understand you in this space that you’re in and help you move through the complexity of grief. 

                                                                            Lorella Balombem 

                                                                            Graeme Eigner was lost to suicide on December 25, 2019. Graeme was a welder, the kindest, most caring person who would do anything for anyone. He had a potty mouth and was often misunderstood by people.   

                                                                            Graeme and I were together for 10 years. We got engaged, bought a house together and planned a destination wedding. He passed away five months before the wedding day. I made a promise to myself and him that I’m always going to talk about mental health and suicide. Not a lot of people do because of the stigma. They don’t talk about mental health and the effects it has and how it can ultimately end someone’s life. I lost Graeme to suicide on Christmas Day of 2019. It happened in our home, and I found him. I have had to deal with my own trauma plus my grief, because it was compounded. I don’t even know if there’s a word to describe the feeling. 

                                                                            Two weeks after I lost Graeme, I was still in my fog of grief. Heavy, heavy grief. I knew that I needed some help. I knew that if I didn’t seek help for myself in the early stages that I possibly wouldn’t be here. I decided to reach out to support through work at Alberta Health Services (AHS).  

                                                                            They sent me to a counselor, however when I met with her, I realized that I only had ten sessions, then it ends.  So, I knew that wouldn’t work for me. Ten sessions would never ever be able to help me with what I needed, but I went anyways. Two sessions in the counselor was very honest and told me that the compounded trauma and grief that I was dealing with, was beyond her scope. So, she recommended I seek other help. 

                                                                            First off, it’s extremely expensive even with my coverage, it was still $150 per session. She sent me to Pilgrims Hospice Society, a nonprofit organization that deals with family grief in all different forms, for adults, kids, and the whole family. So, I went to Pilgrims Hospice, and I had my sessions with them. Their psychologists told me coming through them is great, but they believed that I would benefit way more from a group setting. She recommended me to Peris [facilitator with Life After Suicide Loss Program], sent Peris an e-mail and that’s how I became connected with the Canadian Mental Health Association.  

                                                                            I went through the program with my own grief in the group setting and then after I finished that I knew within myself that I needed more. I couldn’t do short term it was not going to work for me, I knew I was going to derail at any minute, at any time. I needed that constant support. I started to go to the weekly sessions, at first, they were in person and then COVID hit. It was like, OK now what?  

                                                                            The weekly program ended up being virtual after COVID started. It was so helpful because it gave me a platform to talk about what happened during the week and listen to other people. That was probably the most effective for me, just listening and learning how other people were dealing with their grief.  

                                                                            I met people that were there 14 years after they lost their loved one. I think realizing that that it would be a never-ending struggle was helpful, but also it was sad. There are people that have good days, I have good days, I have good weeks and then it hits you again. So having that platform every week to listen, share or support was tremendous.  

                                                                            I know what it is that CMHA is doing differently. They have such a structured program that it helped with my grieving steps, and it helped me to understand what to expect. Grieving came at any time with different emotions, it’s just all over the place. Knowing what to expect was so helpful. 

                                                                            I went back to work sooner than I thought I would because I knew that I had that meeting for support. As much as my colleagues, my boss and everybody was supportive, people don’t know. They didn’t know what to say or how to say it. Or people just don’t talk about it. It was like you have to keep this secret all week about how you were feeling and then you get into this weekly session, that was your release.  

                                                                            During our weekly session we all were struggling, we all had that weekly support and there wasn’t enough time for everybody to share within an hour how they were feeling. Knowing that there’s other people suffering, only someone that has been through it can understand that. Even though I’m struggling, someone else is too. 

                                                                            I work shift work and I try very hard to attend my biweekly support groups because there were a few months that I stayed away, and I thought that’s OK I got this, I’m doing good. It feels good, but then something happens, and you realize you really need someone that understands. 

                                                                            I can’t talk to my mom about it because my mom doesn’t understand. She and other people think and say you should get over it. It’s been almost three years and life has to go on. So, there’s that huge barrier. You can’t speak to just anyone and they will understand. That is why the support group after suicide loss is so extremely important.   

                                                                            Even though I work with AHS, when I look for mental health support, I have a son that suffers with mental health challenges also, and when I look for support for him it is incredibly hard to access. The world suffers so much with mental health illnesses, resources are hard to find and they’re not affordable. Why? We have treatments for cancer, for diabetes and for hypertension. Yet, the mind is overlooked.  

                                                                            We have to recognize mental health illnesses more. We must destigmatize it. We have to talk to our kids and bring support into schools because that’s where it starts. This is 2022 we have nurses going into schools to take care of kids, why can’t we have the same sort of support for mental wellness? When I hear Graeme’s family and his parents talk about the struggles he faced as a kid and how overlooked that was, it didn’t appear overnight.  We notice mental health challenges, but we brush them off and we tell our kids to suck it up. Society makes things difficult, anytime a man talks about his feelings he’s viewed as weak. He’s not allowed to feel. Graeme was one of those men. He was so ashamed of how he was feeling.  

                                                                            Society as a whole needs to encourage young boys and men to talk about their feelings. Society needs to understand that mental health challenges are just like every other illness. It needs attention, it needs medication, and it needs rest. 

                                                                             

                                                                            Note: This is an excerpt from our December 2022 Community Matters, you can read the full publication here

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                                                                            If you or someone you know needs supports:  

                                                                            Suicide Support Resources: https://edmonton.cmha.ca/brochure/suicide-bereavement-resources/ 

                                                                            Visit the Canadian Mental Health Association Website for additional resources 

                                                                             

                                                                            If you or someone you know are in immediate danger, call 9-11.  

                                                                            If you or someone you know is in distress: 

                                                                            • Call the Distress Line at 780-482-HELP (4357) 
                                                                            • AHS Mental Health Help Line 1-877-303-2642 
                                                                            • Talk Suicide Canada 1-833-456-4566 
                                                                            • Kids Help Phone-1-800-668-6868 
                                                                            • Indigenous Hope Line 1-855-242-3310 
                                                                            • National Trans Help Line 1-877-330-6366 
                                                                            • 211 Alberta: find programs and services in your community. 

                                                                            For more information on programs and resources about suicide: 

                                                                            Alberta Health Services Suicide Prevention 

                                                                              [/et_pb_text][dmpro_button_grid _builder_version=”4.18.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content”][/dmpro_button_grid][dmpro_image_hotspot _builder_version=”4.17.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content”][/dmpro_image_hotspot][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”0px|20px|0px|20px|false|false” border_color_left=”#a6c942″ global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||” theme_builder_area=”post_content”][et_pb_testimonial author=”Posted by:” job_title=”@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9hdXRob3IiLCJzZXR0aW5ncyI6eyJiZWZvcmUiOiIiLCJhZnRlciI6IiIsIm5hbWVfZm9ybWF0IjoiZGlzcGxheV9uYW1lIiwibGluayI6Im9uIiwibGlua19kZXN0aW5hdGlvbiI6ImF1dGhvcl93ZWJzaXRlIn19@” portrait_url=”@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9hdXRob3JfcHJvZmlsZV9waWN0dXJlIiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnt9fQ==@” quote_icon=”off” portrait_width=”125px” portrait_height=”125px” disabled_on=”on|off|off” _builder_version=”4.16″ _dynamic_attributes=”job_title,portrait_url” _module_preset=”default” body_text_color=”#000000″ author_font=”||||||||” author_text_align=”center” author_text_color=”#008ac1″ position_font=”||||||||” position_text_color=”#000000″ company_text_color=”#000000″ background_color=”#ffffff” text_orientation=”center” module_alignment=”center” custom_margin=”0px|0px|4px|0px|false|false” custom_padding=”32px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content”][/et_pb_testimonial][et_pb_text disabled_on=”on|off|off” _builder_version=”4.16″ _dynamic_attributes=”content” _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#000000″ header_text_align=”left” header_text_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0.65)” header_font_size=”20px” text_orientation=”center” custom_margin=”||50px|||” custom_padding=”48px|||||” global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content”]@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9jYXRlZ29yaWVzIiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnsiYmVmb3JlIjoiUmVsYXRlZCBjYXRlZ29yaWVzOiAgIiwiYWZ0ZXIiOiIiLCJsaW5rX3RvX3Rlcm1fcGFnZSI6Im9uIiwic2VwYXJhdG9yIjoiIHwgIiwiY2F0ZWdvcnlfdHlwZSI6ImNhdGVnb3J5In19@[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]

                                                                            1. Blog: From Trauma to Healing: The Impact of Childhood Abuse and Neglect on Adult Mental Health

                                                                              [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.19.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content”][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content”][et_pb_row column_structure=”3_4,1_4″ use_custom_gutter=”on” _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” width=”100%” custom_margin=”0px||||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” border_width_bottom=”1px” border_color_bottom=”#a6c942″ global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content”][et_pb_column type=”3_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content”][et_pb_post_title meta=”off” featured_image=”off” _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” title_font=”||||||||” custom_margin=”||3px|||” border_color_bottom=”#a6c942″ global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content”][/et_pb_post_title][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content”][et_pb_image src=”https://edmontonsocialplanning.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/COLOUR-BLOCKS_spaced-300×51.png” title_text=”COLOUR BLOCKS_spaced” align=”center” _builder_version=”4.7.7″ _module_preset=”default” max_width=”100%” max_height=”75px” custom_margin=”0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” custom_padding=”10px|0px|20px|0px|false|false” global_module=”96648″ global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content”][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”3_4,1_4″ use_custom_gutter=”on” make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” width=”100%” custom_margin=”0px|auto|0px|auto|false|false” custom_padding=”30px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content”][et_pb_column type=”3_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||” theme_builder_area=”post_content”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ _dynamic_attributes=”content” _module_preset=”default” text_font=”|600|||||||” text_text_color=”#2b303a” custom_padding=”||32px|||” global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content”]@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9kYXRlIiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnsiYmVmb3JlIjoiIiwiYWZ0ZXIiOiIiLCJkYXRlX2Zvcm1hdCI6ImRlZmF1bHQiLCJjdXN0b21fZGF0ZV9mb3JtYXQiOiIifX0=@[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.19.5″ text_text_color=”#2b303a” text_line_height=”1.6em” header_2_font=”||||||||” header_2_text_color=”#008ac1″ header_2_font_size=”24px” background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” text_orientation=”justified” width=”100%” module_alignment=”left” custom_margin=”0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” custom_padding=”25px||||false|false” hover_enabled=”0″ locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content” sticky_enabled=”0″]

                                                                              Childhood trauma not only affects the present lives of children, but it can affect their future as adults. Their mental health can be impacted for the long term. However, a good support system can have powerful positive effects on their lives, creating resilience

                                                                              By Alejandra Hasbun, Practicum Student

                                                                               

                                                                              Childhood is the most essential time for development. A child who experiences neglect, too much stress, and trauma, can have serious negative consequences on that child’s life and future. A traumatic childhood can critically affect adult life.  

                                                                              Children are learning how to regulate emotions, problem-solve, and acquire basic skills. Further science has shown us how trauma and stress impact children’s developing brains, affecting how they react to day-to-day situations. (1) If natural processes of child development are interrupted, they can have lasting outcomes as an adult. A child that is never spoken to will not acquire a language (2); a child that is never loved will struggle to love. The main caregivers are usually the child’s role models, and whatever they do or not do impacts what the child learns about life and their behaviour. (3) A supportive adult figure, whether caregiver or not, in a child’s life can help them excel and overcome hardship through the development of resilience.  

                                                                              How Childhood Trauma affects adults? 

                                                                              In Canada, 1 in 3 people has experienced traumatic childhood experiences. (4) How does this affect later life? Adults with a past of childhood trauma can have heightened rates of anxiety, depression, suicidal thoughts, PTSD, difficulty regulating emotions, substance use, experience being unhoused, and live in poverty or with low income. (5) Early chronic life stress, which can be caused by abuse or trauma, can cause the body to not be able to regulate stress properly. (6) Stress management is important because stress affects almost every aspect of a person’s life. Chronic or unhealthy stress can cause negative health impacts including heightened rates of mental unwellness, heightened blood pressure, heart disease, substance use and more. Chronic or unhealthy stress can impact people emotionally and socially including difficulty maintaining relationships, or adhering to social norms (7)  

                                                                              The lasting effects of trauma can also be seen through generational and historical trauma, defined as transmitting the impact of traumatic events to younger generations.  Older generations not being able to receive the help they needed, can transfer negative emotions to the younger generation, unintentionally contributing to a continuation of a trauma cycle, or cannot help the new generation deal with traumas they are experiencing. (8) Usually, this trauma is caused by recurring systemic oppressions, colonization and violence. (9) It can be hard for those that experienced generational/historical trauma to search for the help needed, because of, discrimination, cultural barriers, or unavailability.  

                                                                              Resiliency 

                                                                              A traumatic childhood does not have to equal a bad adulthood. Children that have at least one supportive figure in their life are more likely to have reduced stress and clear goals for their future. Even if that figure is not a parent, the support can highly affect the child’s life positively. (10) Children that have experienced abuse and trauma need a healthy adult role model, someone that is by their side, does not give up on them, and is someone they can trust, for this marks a significant difference in their lives helping them build relationships and confidence.  Early intervention can foster resilience in children, which is defined as the capacity to utilize holistic resources to maintain one’s well-being during challenging times. Resilient children can manage external stressors positively and develop a problem-solving mind. (11) 

                                                                              What can be done? 

                                                                              Awareness of the impact of childhood trauma on adult mental health is the first step as every person can start to make a difference in the lives of future generations. You can help support organizations that help families grow together. You can help impact a person’s life, consider volunteering at these organizations: Boys and Girls Club, Bent Arrow, Africa Centre, and Terra Centre. 

                                                                              Here are three agencies in Edmonton, Alberta that can help children experiencing trauma or learn more about how to take action: Little Warriors, Zebra Centre, and Metis Child & Family Services 

                                                                              If you suspect a child is experiencing abuse or neglect, please call the crisis line at 2-1-1.  

                                                                               

                                                                              Alejandra Hasbun (she/her), an international student from El Salvador, possesses a strong interest in the field of human behavior and mental health advocacy. In her spare time, her passion lies in travelling and exploring the world, immersing herself in new cultures, and gaining a different understanding of the world through meeting new people. 

                                                                               

                                                                              REFERNCES:  

                                                                              1- Perry B. (2005), Maltreatment and the Developing Child: Early Childhood Experience Affects Child and Culture. https://www.lfcc.on.ca/mccain/perry1.html 

                                                                              2-  Linguistic Society of America, FAQ: Language Acquisition |. (n.d.). https://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/faq-how-do-we-learn-language 

                                                                              3- CDC (2021, September 23), Child Development Basics |.. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/childdevelopment/facts.html 

                                                                              4- McGill University. (2023). Too many Canadian children and youth are impacted by trauma. Canadian Consortium on Child and Youth Trauma. https://www.traumaconsortium.com/en/ 

                                                                              5- ISTSS – Childhood Trauma. (n.d.). https://istss.org/public-resources/trauma-basics/what-is-childhood-trauma/effects-of-childhood-trauma 

                                                                              6- Carpenter, L. L., Shattuck, T. T., Tyrka, A. R., Geracioti, T. D., & Price, L. H. (2010). Effect of childhood physical abuse on cortisol stress response. Psychopharmacology, 214(1), 367–375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-010-2007-4 

                                                                              7- Mayo Clinic Staff. (2021, July 8). Chronic stress puts your health at risk. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/stress-management/in-depth/stress/art-20046037?reDate=31012023 

                                                                              8- Ryder, G. (2022, April 15). How Intergenerational Trauma Impacts Families. Psych Central. https://psychcentral.com/lib/how-intergenerational-trauma-impacts-families 

                                                                              9- Resource Guide to Trauma-Informed Human Services. (n.d.). The Administration for Children and Families. https://www.acf.hhs.gov/trauma-toolkit 

                                                                              10- Harvard University. (2021, April 23). Three Early Childhood Development Principles to Improve Child Outcomes. Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University. https://developingchild.harvard.edu/resources/three-early-childhood-development-principles-improve-child-family-outcomes/ 

                                                                              11-  Ungar, M. (2021, July 19). U is for Michael Ungar: Developing Resilience In Children. The Positive Encourager. https://www.thepositiveencourager.global/michael-ungar-talks-about-developing-resilience-in-children-video/ 

                                                                               

                                                                               

                                                                                                                                                      [/et_pb_text][dmpro_button_grid _builder_version=”4.18.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content”][/dmpro_button_grid][dmpro_image_hotspot _builder_version=”4.17.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content”][/dmpro_image_hotspot][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”0px|20px|0px|20px|false|false” border_color_left=”#a6c942″ global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||” theme_builder_area=”post_content”][et_pb_testimonial author=”Posted by:” job_title=”@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9hdXRob3IiLCJzZXR0aW5ncyI6eyJiZWZvcmUiOiIiLCJhZnRlciI6IiIsIm5hbWVfZm9ybWF0IjoiZGlzcGxheV9uYW1lIiwibGluayI6Im9uIiwibGlua19kZXN0aW5hdGlvbiI6ImF1dGhvcl93ZWJzaXRlIn19@” portrait_url=”@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9hdXRob3JfcHJvZmlsZV9waWN0dXJlIiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnt9fQ==@” quote_icon=”off” portrait_width=”125px” portrait_height=”125px” disabled_on=”on|off|off” _builder_version=”4.16″ _dynamic_attributes=”job_title,portrait_url” _module_preset=”default” body_text_color=”#000000″ author_font=”||||||||” author_text_align=”center” author_text_color=”#008ac1″ position_font=”||||||||” position_text_color=”#000000″ company_text_color=”#000000″ background_color=”#ffffff” text_orientation=”center” module_alignment=”center” custom_margin=”0px|0px|4px|0px|false|false” custom_padding=”32px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content”][/et_pb_testimonial][et_pb_text disabled_on=”on|off|off” _builder_version=”4.16″ _dynamic_attributes=”content” _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#000000″ header_text_align=”left” header_text_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0.65)” header_font_size=”20px” text_orientation=”center” custom_margin=”||50px|||” custom_padding=”48px|||||” global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content”]@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9jYXRlZ29yaWVzIiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnsiYmVmb3JlIjoiUmVsYXRlZCBjYXRlZ29yaWVzOiAgIiwiYWZ0ZXIiOiIiLCJsaW5rX3RvX3Rlcm1fcGFnZSI6Im9uIiwic2VwYXJhdG9yIjoiIHwgIiwiY2F0ZWdvcnlfdHlwZSI6ImNhdGVnb3J5In19@[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]
                                                                                                                                                    1. Research Review: Addressing Indigenous Mental Health: a Journey to Reconciliation

                                                                                                                                                      [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content”][et_pb_row column_structure=”3_4,1_4″ use_custom_gutter=”on” _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” width=”100%” custom_margin=”0px||||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” border_width_bottom=”1px” border_color_bottom=”#a6c942″ global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content”][et_pb_column type=”3_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content”][et_pb_post_title meta=”off” featured_image=”off” _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” title_font=”||||||||” custom_margin=”||3px|||” border_color_bottom=”#a6c942″ global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content”][/et_pb_post_title][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content”][et_pb_image src=”https://edmontonsocialplanning.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/COLOUR-BLOCKS_spaced-300×51.png” title_text=”COLOUR BLOCKS_spaced” align=”center” _builder_version=”4.7.7″ _module_preset=”default” max_width=”100%” max_height=”75px” custom_margin=”0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” custom_padding=”10px|0px|20px|0px|false|false” global_module=”96648″ global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content”][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”3_4,1_4″ use_custom_gutter=”on” make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” width=”100%” custom_margin=”0px|auto|0px|auto|false|false” custom_padding=”30px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content”][et_pb_column type=”3_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||” theme_builder_area=”post_content”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ _dynamic_attributes=”content” _module_preset=”default” text_font=”|600|||||||” text_text_color=”#2b303a” custom_padding=”||32px|||” global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content”]@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9kYXRlIiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnsiYmVmb3JlIjoiIiwiYWZ0ZXIiOiIiLCJkYXRlX2Zvcm1hdCI6ImRlZmF1bHQiLCJjdXN0b21fZGF0ZV9mb3JtYXQiOiIifX0=@[/et_pb_text][et_pb_button button_url=”https://edmontonsocialplanning.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Research-Review-Indigenous-Mental-Health.pdf” url_new_window=”on” button_text=”Download the Research Review (PDF)” _builder_version=”4.19.5″ _module_preset=”default” custom_button=”on” button_text_color=”#ffffff” button_bg_color=”#008ac1″ custom_margin=”||19px|||” custom_padding=”||5px|||” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content” sticky_enabled=”0″][/et_pb_button][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.19.5″ text_text_color=”#2b303a” text_line_height=”1.6em” header_2_font=”||||||||” header_2_text_color=”#008ac1″ header_2_font_size=”24px” background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” text_orientation=”justified” width=”100%” module_alignment=”left” custom_margin=”0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” custom_padding=”25px||||false|false” hover_enabled=”0″ locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content” sticky_enabled=”0″]

                                                                                                                                                      The article aims to develop strategies to improve mental health systems in Indigenous communities through a two-day forum in the Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo. The forum gathered information on what the mental health needs are for this community, and performed interviews with relevant stakeholders to understand what their concerns were. This allowed the authors to develop four key themes that would provide directions and strategies to be followed in order to improve these systems and the Indigenous lives that could benefit from them. 

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                                                                                                                                                    2. Blog: Mental Health Struggles as a Newcomer to Canada: Finding a Sense of Belonging 

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                                                                                                                                                      Immigrants suffer from loneliness and shock when moving to a new country. It is important to know why this happens and understand some of their experiences firsthand.

                                                                                                                                                      By Alejandra Hasbun, Practicum Student

                                                                                                                                                       

                                                                                                                                                      Adjusting to a new culture, environment, and language is not always easy for newcomers to Canada. Moving away from one’s home country can be as exciting as it is terrifying, and navigating an unfamiliar society takes time to adapt. Homesickness, culture shock, and language barriers are just some of the many things newcomers experience when immigrating to a different country and it is important to recognize that their mental health can be affected.  

                                                                                                                                                      Homesickness 

                                                                                                                                                      Homesickness can be described as the feeling of loneliness and/or anxiety when a person is far away from their home. As an immigrant, it is not unusual to feel homesick when moving to a completely different country by yourself. Feelings of loneliness and isolation can increase when being away from family and friends (WebMD, 2021). In my experience, when moving to Canada from El Salvador, this new country seemed exciting until I had to say goodbye to my family and felt fear of uncertainty about when I would see them again. Most immigrants move to Canada because they need to find a better quality of life that their home country could not provide them due to low employment opportunities, violence, or political conflicts (Statistics Canada, 2006). The choice of immigrating does not feel like a choice anymore, it feels like a necessity for a better life. When moving back home is not an option, it can make a person feel like they do not belong anywhere (Kitchen et. al., 2015). Accepting that Canada was my new home felt in some way as if I were betraying my country, I never appreciated my country so much until I had to leave it. This creates a conflict when trying to adapt to this new society because nothing measures up to the customs of the country that is left behind. The food now tastes wrong, the cars drive too fast or too slowly, and even the air tingles differently, everything feels out of order. Even if these things are an exaggeration of reality, they feel this way because of the unfamiliarity of this new society, this new place.  

                                                                                                                                                      In my experience, homesickness would come in different ways: seeing pictures of my family members celebrating a birthday without me, missing my mom’s home cooking, experiencing an extreme change in weather, or having to spend Christmas without my parents. If a person immigrated by themselves, they are lacking physical closeness with their main support system, especially if they come from a collective culture. A collective culture refers to people who value working as a group rather than alone, the feeling of belongingness comes from being included in a collective (Nickerson, 2021). Changing from a collectivistic to an individualistic culture, like Canada’s, can be a substantial change because one must fend for themselves without being able to ask for help or feeling weak if help is asked (Evanson, 2016). Owais Memon, an Indian international student with Concordia University of Edmonton, responded when asked how he experienced homesickness, “I felt trapped. I missed my family, but I could not help myself because I could not see them until I went back, which would be a while.” (O. Memon, personal communication, November 21, 2022). Family helps cope with the stressors that come with moving to a new country. Not having anyone to reach out to when experiencing homesickness can make the feeling of loneliness worse and affect the person’s mental health negatively (Dumon, n.d.). In fact, homesickness has many depression-like symptoms and can develop into a formal diagnosis in the long run (WebMD, 2021). 

                                                                                                                                                      Culture Shock 

                                                                                                                                                      Culture shock are feelings of disorientation and anxiety people feel when experiencing a new culture (Segal, 2022). How does culture shock relate to homesickness? When arriving in a new country, a lot of things can be different including language, customs, greetings, food, weather, etc. As a newcomer, experiencing all these things at once can be overwhelming. For the social aspect, some people might feel like they need to relearn how to socialize so they can integrate into their new society. Newcomers need to change their habits to fit into what is more socially acceptable in the new country. For example, coming from El Salvador, it is common to say hello by kissing people on the cheek, which is not the case in Canada. This simple act made such a difference for me, I felt distant from others, unable to feel familiar and warm. It is common to feel “strangeness” in the host country, it is hard navigating a completely different environment (Belford, 2017). Human beings are all trying to find a sense of belonging, which can be particularly hard to find as a newcomer to Canada if your culture differs from the Western culture. Immigrants try to find groups of people whom they relate to, feel belonging and acceptance. Thus, this is why there are so many centers or resources for immigrants in Canada to help with this issue like the Multicultural Family Resource Society. Finding groups that can give you a feel for home can be extremely helpful when dealing with culture shock and homesickness.  

                                                                                                                                                      Language Barriers 

                                                                                                                                                      Language barriers can be distressing for immigrants. Some immigrants to Canada do not speak English as their first language. Language is integral to being understood and feeling belonging. Being unable to communicate can be extremely frustrating, it is like the “tip of the tongue” phenomenon but through most of the conversation. Jingyi He, a nursing student with the University of Alberta, came to Canada from China as a young girl, but she did not know how to speak English when she arrived. This was her experience: 

                                                                                                                                                       “People were distancing themselves from me. When I was trying to make friends, I didn’t know what to say. I saw kids playing and I did not know how to express myself and they would ignore me, I felt abandoned…it created a lasting memory.” (J. He, personal communication, October 26, 2022).  

                                                                                                                                                      Even if an immigrant’s second language is English, it can still be hard to communicate with others. The English that a person learns in their home country can utilize different words, slang, and could also be combined with their native language (Spanish + English = Spanglish). When a newcomer enters the host country and tries to communicate with the English they were taught and realize it is not the same, it may affect the way they hope to socialize and possibly be a deterrent (Pryce et.al., 2019). My struggle with language when moving came from not being able to communicate without throwing Spanish words into the conversation, which made it hard for others to understand if they did not know Spanish. People with a non-Canadian or non-native accent also struggle because sometimes locals believe that a different accent makes someone less intelligent and treat them as such (Ro, 2021). It takes time to get used to socializing in a new language and being able to convey humor and dialect using a new vocabulary. Speaking from experience and a lot of awkward silence, most jokes do not translate from one language to another. If a person is not able to relate with others, share some laughs, and have a common conversation topic it causes a disconnect between the person and their society, and this connection begins through language.  

                                                                                                                                                      Takeaway 

                                                                                                                                                      Feeling homesick is common as an immigrant, and yet it is not talked about enough. With the loneliness also comes a sense of guilt. Why would someone feel sad about living in a country with so many opportunities? It can feel as if one is being ungrateful for the chance of living in such a great country. However, that is not the case, it is okay to feel sad about missing family or friends, it is normal to miss one’s culture and norms, and it is natural to experience homesickness or culture shock. It is also okay to accept the new environment and genuinely enjoy a different culture. Being happy about moving and sad about leaving are not mutually exclusive feelings, it is normal to feel both. Allowing people to feel heard when experiencing everything that comes with immigrating is particularly important as a society as it helps people feel supported. Canada has organizations with support groups for newcomers which are amazing for finding relief. In Edmonton, these organizations include: Edmonton Immigrant Services Association, Edmonton Mennonite Centre for Newcomers, and  Catholic Social Services 

                                                                                                                                                       

                                                                                                                                                       

                                                                                                                                                      References: 

                                                                                                                                                      Belford, N. (2017). International Students from Melbourne Describing Their Cross-Cultural Transitions Experiences: Culture Shock, Social Interaction, and Friendship Development. Journal of International Students. https://www.ojed.org/index.php/jis/index/  

                                                                                                                                                      Dumon, W. A.  (n.d.). NCBI – https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12315897/  

                                                                                                                                                      Evanson, N. (2016). Canadian Culture – Core Concepts. Cultural Atlas. https://culturalatlas.sbs.com.au/canadian-culture/canadian-culture-core-concepts  

                                                                                                                                                      Kitchen, P. (2015, August 20). Sense of belonging to local community in small-to-medium sized Canadian urban areas: a comparison of immigrant and Canadian-born residents – BMC Psychology. BioMed Central. https://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40359-015-0085-0  

                                                                                                                                                      Multicultural Family Resource Society (n.d.). What We Do. https://mfrsedmonton.org/programs  

                                                                                                                                                      Nickerson, C. (2021, July 21). Understanding Collectivist Cultures – Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-are-collectivistic-cultures.html  

                                                                                                                                                      Pryce, J. M., Kelly, M. S., & Lawinger, M. (2019). Conversation Club: A Group Mentoring Model for Immigrant Youth. SagePub, 51. https://edmspc-my.sharepoint.com/:b:/g/personal/amandal_edmontonsocialplanning_ca/EWMhLSdjEMFKghV-erVD-BEBtixCo96wOBB8qDpI9wObIA?e=x1DWLA  

                                                                                                                                                      Ro, C. (2021). The pervasive problem of “linguistic racism.” BBC Worklife. https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20210528-the-pervasive-problem-of-linguistic-racism 

                                                                                                                                                      Segal, T. (2022, July 25). Culture Shock Meaning, Stages, and How to Overcome. Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/culture-shock.asp  

                                                                                                                                                      Statistics Canada. (2006, October 30).  Table 4 Reasons for staying in Canada cited by immigrants who plan to settle here permanently, by immigration category (Cited 4 years after arrival). https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-008-x/2007000/t/4097873-eng.htm  

                                                                                                                                                      WebMD. (2021, March 30). What to Know About Homesickness and Mental Health. https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/what-to-know-about-homesickness-and-mental-health 

                                                                                                                                                       

                                                                                                                                                       

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